"OSI transport services" include layers 1 through 4 ... The most ubiquitous example is the IP protocol in TCP/IP (see TCP/IP). IPX, SNA and AppleTalk are examples of earlier routable protocols ...

Ethernet is a layer 2 data link protocol that is widely used with the TCP/IP protocol ... essential to learn about the protocol layers (see OSI model). The IP layer 3 breaks apart the data ...

Topics include: TCP/IP and OSI layered network architectures and associated protocols, application layer, network programming API (sockets), transport, congestion, flow control, routing, addressing, ...

The physical layer is the lowest layer (layer 1) of the OSI Reference Model. The OSI model was discussed in Chapter 2. What does the physical layer do? Before sending data on the network, the physical ...

They perform a Layer-7 protocol-conversion to translate one set of protocols into another (for example, from TCP/IP to SNA or from TCP/IP to X.25). Gateways operate at OSI layers up through the ...