WASHINGTON—House Republicans released their plan to cut Medicaid spending, with the program’s defenders in the GOP appearing to win the intraparty clash over how aggressively to change the system that provides health insurance to more than 70 million low-income and disabled people.

House Republicans aim to impose work requirements, toughen eligibility checks and slash provider taxes to deeply cut Medicaid spending.

Legislation introduced by House Republicans late Sunday would slash Medicaid spending significantly by imposing new restrictions on Medicaid beneficiaries such as work requirements and more