European leaders should not assume that Trump’s tariff threats are “just a bluff,” one of Trump's international economic advisers in his first term says.

The European Union should seek constructive engagement on trade with the incoming Trump administration, but be ready to hit back in a coordinated way at the United States if it imposes new tariffs on the 27-nation bloc,

Some European Union member states want the bloc to engage more urgently with Donald Trump’s transition team as they hope to stave off disruption and worsening tensions with its largest trading partner.

The layman’s narrative of the 1930s is that America’s Smoot-Hawley tariffs set off a beggar-thy-neighbour spiral and caused the Great Depression. It is not true.

Will it be Harleys again? Or is the EU going to hit back at more products when Donald Trump makes good on his tariff threats?

Speaking to Radio Schuman, German socialist MEP Bernd Lange says that the EU has a whole range of measures to counter Donald Trump's trade policy towards the EU.

Donald Trump’s US election victory is a “wake-up call” for Europe to slash red tape and boost defence spending, three of the bloc’s top officials have warned.